卡尔曼滤波简介＋ 算法实现代码
最佳线性滤波理论起源于40年代美国科学家Wiener和前苏联科学家Ｋолмогоров等人的研究工作，后人统称为维纳滤波理论。从理论上说，维纳滤波的最大缺点是必须用到无限过去的数据，不适用于实时处理。为了克服这一缺点，60年代Kalman把状态空间模型引入滤波理论，并导出了一套递推估计算法，后人称之为卡尔曼滤波理论。卡尔曼滤波是以最小均方误差为估计的最佳准则，来寻求一套递推估计的算法，其基本思想是：采用信号与噪声的状态空间模型，利用前一时刻地估计值和现时刻的观测值来更新对状态变量的估计，求出现时刻的估计值。它适合于实时处理和计算机运算。现设线性时变系统的离散状态防城和观测方程为：
X(k) = F(k,k-1)·X(k-1)+T(k,k-1)·U(k-1)
Y(k) = H(k)·X(k)+N(k)
其中
X(k)和Y(k)分别是k时刻的状态矢量和观测矢量
F(k,k-1)为状态转移矩阵
U(k)为k时刻动态噪声
T(k,k-1)为系统控制矩阵
H(k)为k时刻观测矩阵
N(k)为k时刻观测噪声
则卡尔曼滤波的算法流程为：
预估计X(k)^= F(k,k-1)·X(k-1)
计算预估计协方差矩阵
C(k)^=F(k,k-1)×C(k)×F(k,k-1)'+T(k,k-1)×Q(k)×T(k,k-1)'
Q(k) = U(k)×U(k)'
计算卡尔曼增益矩阵
K(k) = C(k)^×H(k)'×^(-1)
R(k) = N(k)×N(k)'
更新估计
X(k)~=X(k)^+K(k)×
计算更新后估计协防差矩阵
C(k)~ = ×C(k)^×'+K(k)×R(k)×K(k)'
X(k+1) = X(k)~
C(k+1) = C(k)~
重复以上步骤
其c语言实现代码如下：
#include "stdlib.h"
#include "rinv.c"
int lman(n,m,k,f,q,r,h,y,x,p,g)
int n,m,k;
double f[],q[],r[],h[],y[],x[],p[],g[];
{ int i,j,kk,ii,l,jj,js;
double *e,*a,*b;
e=malloc(m*m*sizeof(double));
l=m;
if (l<n) l=n;
a=malloc(l*l*sizeof(double));
b=malloc(l*l*sizeof(double));
for (i=0; i<=n-1; i++)
for (j=0; j<=n-1; j++)
{ ii=i*l+j; a=0.0;
for (kk=0; kk<=n-1; kk++)
a=a+p*f;
}
for (i=0; i<=n-1; i++)
for (j=0; j<=n-1; j++)
{ ii=i*n+j; p=q;
for (kk=0; kk<=n-1; kk++)
p=p+f*a;
}
for (ii=2; ii<=k; ii++)
{ for (i=0; i<=n-1; i++)
for (j=0; j<=m-1; j++)
{ jj=i*l+j; a=0.0;
for (kk=0; kk<=n-1; kk++)
a=a+p*h;
}
for (i=0; i<=m-1; i++)
for (j=0; j<=m-1; j++)
{ jj=i*m+j; e=r;
for (kk=0; kk<=n-1; kk++)
e=e+h*a;
}
js=rinv(e,m);
if (js==0)
{ free(e); free(a); free(b); return(js);}
for (i=0; i<=n-1; i++)
for (j=0; j<=m-1; j++)
{ jj=i*m+j; g=0.0;
for (kk=0; kk<=m-1; kk++)
g=g+a*e;
}
for (i=0; i<=n-1; i++)
{ jj=(ii-1)*n+i; x=0.0;
for (j=0; j<=n-1; j++)
x=x+f*x[(ii-2)*n+j];
}
for (i=0; i<=m-1; i++)
{ jj=i*l; b=y[(ii-1)*m+i];
for (j=0; j<=n-1; j++)
b=b-h*x[(ii-1)*n+j];
}
for (i=0; i<=n-1; i++)
{ jj=(ii-1)*n+i;
for (j=0; j<=m-1; j++)
x=x+g*b;
}
if (ii<k)
{ for (i=0; i<=n-1; i++)
for (j=0; j<=n-1; j++)
{ jj=i*l+j; a=0.0;
for (kk=0; kk<=m-1; kk++)
a=a-g*h;
if (i==j) a=1.0+a;
}
for (i=0; i<=n-1; i++)
for (j=0; j<=n-1; j++)
{ jj=i*l+j; b=0.0;
for (kk=0; kk<=n-1; kk++)
b=b+a*p;
}
for (i=0; i<=n-1; i++)
for (j=0; j<=n-1; j++)
{ jj=i*l+j; a=0.0;
for (kk=0; kk<=n-1; kk++)
a=a+b*f;
}
for (i=0; i<=n-1; i++)
for (j=0; j<=n-1; j++)
{ jj=i*n+j; p=q;
for (kk=0; kk<=n-1; kk++)
p=p+f*a;
}
}
}
free(e); free(a); free(b);
return(js);
}
C++实现代码如下：
============================kalman.h================================
// kalman.h: interface for the kalman class.
//
//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
#if !defined(AFX_KALMAN_H__ED3D740F_01D2_4616_8B74_8BF57636F2C0__INCLUDED_)
#define AFX_KALMAN_H__ED3D740F_01D2_4616_8B74_8BF57636F2C0__INCLUDED_
#if _MSC_VER > 1000
#pragma once
#endif // _MSC_VER > 1000
#include <math.h>
#include "cv.h"
class kalman
{
public:
void init_kalman(int x,int xv,int y,int yv);
CvKalman* cvkalman;
CvMat* state;
CvMat* process_noise;
CvMat* measurement;
const CvMat* prediction;
CvPoint2D32f get_predict(float x, float y);
kalman(int x=0,int xv=0,int y=0,int yv=0);
//virtual ~kalman();
};
#endif // !defined(AFX_KALMAN_H__ED3D740F_01D2_4616_8B74_8BF57636F2C0__INCLUDED_)
============================kalman.cpp================================
#include "kalman.h"
#include <stdio.h>
/* tester de printer toutes les valeurs des vecteurs*/
/* tester de changer les matrices du noises */
/* replace state by cvkalman->state_post ??? */
CvRandState rng;
const double T = 0.1;
kalman::kalman(int x,int xv,int y,int yv)
{
cvkalman = cvCreateKalman( 4, 4, 0 );
state = cvCreateMat( 4, 1, CV_32FC1 );
process_noise = cvCreateMat( 4, 1, CV_32FC1 );
measurement = cvCreateMat( 4, 1, CV_32FC1 );
int code = -1;
/* create matrix data */
const float A[] = {
1, T, 0, 0,
0, 1, 0, 0,
0, 0, 1, T,
0, 0, 0, 1
};
const float H[] = {
1, 0, 0, 0,
0, 0, 0, 0,
0, 0, 1, 0,
0, 0, 0, 0
};
const float P[] = {
pow(320,2), pow(320,2)/T, 0, 0,
pow(320,2)/T, pow(320,2)/pow(T,2), 0, 0,
0, 0, pow(240,2), pow(240,2)/T,
0, 0, pow(240,2)/T, pow(240,2)/pow(T,2)
};
const float Q[] = {
pow(T,3)/3, pow(T,2)/2, 0, 0,
pow(T,2)/2, T, 0, 0,
0, 0, pow(T,3)/3, pow(T,2)/2,
0, 0, pow(T,2)/2, T
};
const float R[] = {
1, 0, 0, 0,
0, 0, 0, 0,
0, 0, 1, 0,
0, 0, 0, 0
};
cvRandInit( &rng, 0, 1, -1, CV_RAND_UNI );
cvZero( measurement );
cvRandSetRange( &rng, 0, 0.1, 0 );
rng.disttype = CV_RAND_NORMAL;
cvRand( &rng, state );
memcpy( cvkalman->transition_matrix->data.fl, A, sizeof(A));
memcpy( cvkalman->measurement_matrix->data.fl, H, sizeof(H));
memcpy( cvkalman->process_noise_cov->data.fl, Q, sizeof(Q));
memcpy( cvkalman->error_cov_post->data.fl, P, sizeof(P));
memcpy( cvkalman->measurement_noise_cov->data.fl, R, sizeof(R));
//cvSetIdentity( cvkalman->process_noise_cov, cvRealScalar(1e-5) );
//cvSetIdentity( cvkalman->error_cov_post, cvRealScalar(1));
//cvSetIdentity( cvkalman->measurement_noise_cov, cvRealScalar(1e-1) );
/* choose initial state */
state->data.fl=x;
state->data.fl=xv;
state->data.fl=y;
state->data.fl=yv;
cvkalman->state_post->data.fl=x;
cvkalman->state_post->data.fl=xv;
cvkalman->state_post->data.fl=y;
cvkalman->state_post->data.fl=yv;
cvRandSetRange( &rng, 0, sqrt(cvkalman->process_noise_cov->data.fl), 0 );
cvRand( &rng, process_noise );
}
CvPoint2D32f kalman::get_predict(float x, float y){
/* update state with current position */
state->data.fl=x;
state->data.fl=y;
/* predict point position */
/* x'k=A鈥k+B鈥k
P'k=A鈥k-1*AT + Q */
cvRandSetRange( &rng, 0, sqrt(cvkalman->measurement_noise_cov->data.fl), 0 );
cvRand( &rng, measurement );
/* xk=A?xk-1+B?uk+wk */
cvMatMulAdd( cvkalman->transition_matrix, state, process_noise, cvkalman->state_post );
/* zk=H?xk+vk */
cvMatMulAdd( cvkalman->measurement_matrix, cvkalman->state_post, measurement, measurement );
/* adjust Kalman filter state */
/* Kk=P'k鈥T鈥?H鈥'k鈥T+R)-1
xk=x'k+Kk鈥?zk-H鈥'k)
Pk=(I-Kk鈥)鈥'k */
cvKalmanCorrect( cvkalman, measurement );
float measured_value_x = measurement->data.fl;
float measured_value_y = measurement->data.fl;
const CvMat* prediction = cvKalmanPredict( cvkalman, 0 );
float predict_value_x = prediction->data.fl;
float predict_value_y = prediction->data.fl;
return(cvPoint2D32f(predict_value_x,predict_value_y));
}
void kalman::init_kalman(int x,int xv,int y,int yv)
{
state->data.fl=x;
state->data.fl=xv;
state->data.fl=y;
state->data.fl=yv;
cvkalman->state_post->data.fl=x;
cvkalman->state_post->data.fl=xv;
cvkalman->state_post->data.fl=y;
cvkalman->state_post->data.fl=yv;
}
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